RESUMO Introdução: A musculatura do atleta pode ser debilitada com a fadiga ocasionada pelo excesso de atividade. Essa limitação compromete sua capacidade funcional e desempenho profissional. O desempenho nas competições correlaciona-se positivamente com a qualidade da função muscular. A análise das alterações provocadas por distintas atividades atléticas na contração muscular pela tensiomiografia não invasiva reflete o estado funcional dos músculos, porém não há experimentos adaptados para verificar o grau de risco de fadiga. Objetivo: Verificar a possível relação entre exercício e fadiga neuromuscular utilizando tensiomiografia não invasiva. Métodos: 90 atletas foram selecionados aleatoriamente nos esportes de halterofilismo, badminton e atletismo. Foram coletados os índices de deslocamento radial máximo, tempo de contração, tempo de atraso, duração e tempo de relaxamento. A detecção de fadiga muscular foi baseada no método de modelagem da decomposição do modo empírico com o conceito de taxa de flutuação de sensibilidade de Rogers. Os valores dos três grupos foram coletados no músculo reto femoral antes e depois dos exercícios. Foram tratados estatisticamente e comparados(P<0,05). Resultados: Todos os grupos de atletas apresentaram um declínio nos valores de deslocamento radial máximo após o exercício. Isso revela que seus músculos estão em grande estado de tensão, especialmente no grupo de atletismo (de 8.57±3.42mm para 5.43±2.14mm). A menor alteração no tempo de atraso, porém, foi observada no grupo de halterofilismo (16.21±4.15ms iniciais contra 18.34±3.27ms finais). Conclusão: Através da tecnologia de tensiomiografia foi possível obter a relação entre exercício e fadiga neuromuscular analisando os efeitos da atividade física de forma não invasiva. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Athletes’ muscles can be weakened by fatigue caused by excessive activity. This limitation compromises their functional capacity and professional performance. The competition's performance correlates positively with muscular quality of function. The changes analysis caused by different athletic activities in muscle contraction by noninvasive tensiomyography reflects the functional state of the muscles. Still, no experiments are adapted to verify the fatigue risk level. Objective: Verify the possible relationship between exercise and neuromuscular fatigue using noninvasive tensiomyography. Methods: 90 athletes were randomly selected in weightlifting, badminton, and athletics sports. Maximum radial displacement, contraction, delay, duration, and relaxation time indices were collected. Muscle fatigue detection was based on the empirical mode decomposition modeling method with the Rogers sensitivity fluctuation rate. All values were collected in the rectus femoris muscle before and after the exercises. They were statistically treated and compared (P<0.05). Results: All athletes showed a decline in maximum radial displacement values after exercise. It reveals that their muscles are in a considerable state of tension, especially in the track and field group (from 8.57±3.42mm to 5.43±2.14mm). However, the slightest change in delay time was observed in the weightlifting group (16.21±4.15ms initial versus 18.34±3.27ms final). Conclusion: Through tensiomyography technology, it is possible to obtain a relationship between exercise and neuromuscular fatigue, analyzing the physical activity effects in a noninvasive way. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMEN Introducción: La musculatura del deportista puede estar debilitada por la fatiga causada por una actividad excesiva. Esta limitación compromete su capacidad funcional y su rendimiento profesional. El rendimiento en las competiciones se correlaciona positivamente con la calidad de la función muscular. El análisis de los cambios provocados por las diferentes actividades deportivas en la contracción muscular mediante la tensiomiografía no invasiva refleja el estado funcional de los músculos, pero no existen experimentos adaptados para verificar el grado de riesgo de fatiga. Objetivo: Verificar la posible relación entre el ejercicio y la fatiga neuromuscular mediante una tensiomografía no invasiva. Métodos: Se seleccionaron al azar 90 atletas de los deportes de halterofilia, bádminton y atletismo. Se recogieron los índices de desplazamiento radial máximo, tiempo de contracción, tiempo de retardo, duración y tiempo de relajación. La detección de la fatiga muscular se basó en el método de modelado de descomposición modal empírica con el concepto de tasa de fluctuación de la sensibilidad propuesto por Rogers. Se recogieron los valores de los tres grupos en el músculo recto femoral antes y después de los ejercicios. Se trataron y compararon estadísticamente (P<0,05). Resultados: Todos los grupos de atletas mostraron un descenso en los valores del desplazamiento radial máximo después del ejercicio. Esto revela que sus músculos están en un gran estado de tensión, especialmente en el grupo de atletismo (de 8,57±3,42mm a 5,43±2,14mm). Sin embargo, el menor cambio en el tiempo de retraso se observó en el grupo de levantamiento de pesas (16,21±4,15ms iniciales frente a 18,34±3,27ms finales). Conclusión: A través de la tecnología de la tensiomografía fue posible obtener la relación entre el ejercicio y la fatiga neuromuscular analizando los efectos de la actividad física de forma no invasiva. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Abstract Realgar is a naturally occurring arsenic sulfide (or Xionghuang, in Chinese). It contains over 90% tetra-arsenic tetrasulfide (As4S4). Currently, realgar has been confirmed the antitumor activities, both in vitro and in vivo, of realgar extracted using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans). Bioleaching, a new technology to greatly improve the use rate of arsenic extraction from realgar using bacteria, is a novel methodology that addressed a limitation of the traditional method for realgar preparation. The present systematic review reports on the research progress in realgar bioleaching and its antitumor mechanism as an anticancer agent. A total of 93 research articles that report on the biological activity of extracts from realgar using bacteria and its preparation were presented in this review. The realgar bioleaching solution (RBS) works by inducing apoptosis when it is used to treat tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. When it is used to treat animal model organisms in vivo, such as mice and Caenorhabditis elegans, tumor tissues grew more slowly, with mass necrosis. Meanwhile, the agent also showed obvious inhibition of tumor cell growth. Bioleaching technology greatly improves the utilization of realgar and is a novel methodology to improve the traditional method.

BACKGROUND: The development of clean or novel alternative energy has become a global trend that will shape the future of energy. In the present study, 3 microbial strains with different oxygen requirements, including Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047 and Kluyveromyces marxianus 15D, were used to construct a hydrogen production system that was composed of a mixed aerobic-facultative anaerobic-anaerobic consortium. The effects of metal ions, organic acids and carbohydrate substrates on this system were analyzed and compared using electrochemical and kinetic assays. It was then tested using small-scale experiments to evaluate its ability to convert starch in 5 L of organic wastewater into hydrogen. For the one-step biohydrogen production experiment, H1 medium (nutrient broth and potato dextrose broth) was mixed directly with GAM broth to generate H2 medium (H1 medium and GAM broth). Finally, Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047 and Kluyveromyces marxianus 15D of three species microbial co-culture to produce hydrogen under anaerobic conditions. For the two-step biohydrogen production experiment, the H1 medium, after cultured the microbial strains Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047 and Kluyveromyces marxianus 15D, was centrifuged to remove the microbial cells and then mixed with GAM broth (H2 medium). Afterward, the bacterial strain Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was inoculated into the H2 medium to produce hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation. RESULTS: The experimental results demonstrated that the optimum conditions for the small-scale fermentative hydrogen production system were at pH 7.0, 35°C, a mixed medium, including H1 medium and H2 medium with 0.50 mol/L ferrous chloride, 0.50 mol/L magnesium sulfate, 0.50 mol/L potassium chloride, 1% w/v citric acid, 5% w/v fructose and 5% w/v glucose. The overall hydrogen production efficiency in the shake flask fermentation group was 33.7 mL/h-1.L-1, and those the two-step and the one-step processes of the small-scale fermentative hydrogen production system were 41.2 mLVh-1.L-1 and 35.1 mL/h-1.L-1, respectively. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the results indicate that the hydrogen production efficiency of the two-step process is higher than that of the one-step process.